Quantifying Material Properties of Cell Monolayers by Analyzing Integer Topological Defects

In developing organisms, internal cellular processes generate mechanical stresses at the tissue scale. The resulting deformations depend on material properties of tissue, which can exhibit long-ranged orientational order and topological defects. It remains a challenge to determine these time scales relevant for developmental processes. Here, we build physics liquid crystals parameters cell monolayers. Specifically, use hydrodynamic description characterize stationary states compressible active polar fluids around We illustrate our approach by analyzing monolayers C2C12 cells in small circular confinements, where they form single defect with integer charge. find that such exert compressive centers, localized differentiation formation three-dimensional shapes is observed.